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Carbon Emissions 101: Breaking Down Embodied, Operational, and More

Understanding embodied and operational carbon, their impacts, and actionable strategies for reducing emissions effectively.

Ava Montini

Dec 11, 2024

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Carbon emissions touch every aspect of our lives—from the buildings we live into the devices we use. But, not all emissions are created equal.


While operational emissions from energy use often grab attention, the hidden impact of embodied carbon in materials is just as significant. In this blog, we’ll break down the difference between embodied and operational carbon and explore actionable ways to reduce emissions for a sustainable future.


What is Carbon and Why Does It Matter?

Carbon, in the context of climate change, refers to the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted into the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2). These emissions result from activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. GHGs trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and its associated impacts, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and biodiversity loss. Humans emitted 36.8 billion metric tons of CO2 in 2022 alone, marking a new record for global emissions. A significant portion of these emissions stems from the energy sector, which accounts for 73% of global emissions, with electricity and heat production making up 42% of that share.





Deforestation and forest degradation account for approximately 11% of global carbon emissions annually. The loss of forests not only releases stored carbon but also reduces the planet’s ability to sequester new carbon. This dual impact underscores the urgent need for forest preservation and reforestation initiatives. To meet the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, global CO2 emissions must decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.


Reducing carbon emissions is essential to achieving global climate goals, such as the Paris Agreement's target of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the different categories of carbon emissions and how they interconnect, paving the way for effective mitigation strategies.


To better understand how carbon emissions are generated, let’s examine two key contributors: embodied and operational carbon.


Embodied Carbon

The Hidden Footprint


Embodied carbon refers to the CO2 emissions associated with the production, transportation, and construction of materials and goods. Unlike operational carbon, which occurs during the use phase of a product or building, embodied carbon is "locked in" from the start.


Lifecycle Stage

Embodied carbon includes emissions from raw material extraction, manufacturing, and supply chain logistics. It is typically fixed and cannot be reduced once the product is created.


Primary Sectors Affected

Construction, manufacturing, and technology production.


Why It Matters

Embodied carbon often represents a significant share of total emissions, especially in industries reliant on energy-intensive materials. The World Green Building Council reports that embodied carbon contributes up to 50% of a building’s total lifecycle emissions.


  • Skanska, a global construction firm, has implemented low-carbon concrete alternatives and tracked embodied carbon through digital tools to align with its net-zero goals.

  • Apple continues to prioritize energy efficiency by optimizing HVAC systems across its facilities. By implementing low-pressure HVAC filters and energy-efficient solutions, Apple reduces the energy required for ventilation, cutting operational carbon emissions. These upgrades contribute to Apple’s commitment to becoming carbon neutral across its entire value chain by 2030.


Actionable Steps

  1. Use low-carbon materials such as recycled steel, bamboo, or cross-laminated timber.

  2. Conduct lifecycle assessments (LCAs) to identify high-impact areas.

  3. Foster partnerships with suppliers that prioritize sustainability.

  4. Incorporate modular designs to reduce material waste and embodied carbon.


Operational Carbon

The Active Emissions


Operational carbon refers to the emissions generated during the use phase of a product or building. These emissions result primarily from energy consumption for heating, cooling, lighting, and operating machinery.


Lifecycle Stage

Operational carbon is ongoing and occurs throughout the usable life of a building, product, or system.


Energy Sources

Fossil fuels, grid electricity, and renewable energy significantly influence operational carbon levels.


Major Contributors

Commercial buildings, data centers, and transportation systems are key sources of operational carbon.


Why It Matters

Operational carbon is the dominant contributor to global emissions in many industries. The International Energy Agency (IEA) notes that buildings account for approximately 30% of global final energy consumption and 26% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions.


A substantial share of this energy use is attributed to heating and cooling systems. Specifically, space heating and cooling, along with hot water, are estimated to account for roughly half of global energy consumption in buildings. This highlights the significant impact of heating and cooling systems on building energy consumption and emissions.


Actionable Steps

  1. Transition to renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power.

  2. Implement energy-efficient appliances, HVAC systems, and LED lighting.

  3. Leverage building management systems (BMS) to optimize energy use in real time.

  4. Set energy benchmarks and continuously monitor performance.


Beyond Embodied and Operational Carbon: Other Key Terms


1. Carbon Offset

Refers to compensating for emissions by investing in projects that reduce or remove CO2 from the atmosphere, such as reforestation or renewable energy initiatives.

  • Delta Airlines invests in carbon offset programs, including reforestation projects in Kenya, as part of its commitment to becoming the first carbon-neutral airline.


2. Carbon Intensity

Measures the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of energy or production. This metric helps businesses evaluate and improve efficiency.

  • Tesla measures the carbon intensity of its manufacturing processes to ensure sustainability across its electric vehicle lifecycle.


3. Sequestered Carbon

Describes carbon captured and stored in natural or artificial reservoirs. Forests, soil, and biochar are examples of natural carbon sinks.


4. Scope 1, 2, and 3 Emissions (from the Greenhouse Gas Protocol)

Scope 1

Direct emissions from company-owned resources.


Scope 2

Indirect emissions from purchased energy.


Scope 3

Emissions from a company’s value chain, including suppliers and end-users.

Strategies for a Holistic Carbon Reduction Plan

To create impactful carbon reduction strategies, organizations must address both embodied and operational carbon and then their broader carbon footprint.


Here are some tips:

  1. Adopt Lifecycle Assessments (LCAs): Evaluate the total carbon impact of products or projects from cradle to grave.

  2. Invest in Innovation: Support research and development for low-carbon technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS).

  3. Set Science-Based Targets: Align emission reduction goals with the latest climate science.

  4. Engage Stakeholders: Collaborate with suppliers, customers, and employees to foster a culture of sustainability.

  5. Leverage Digital Solutions: Use AI and IoT technologies to monitor and optimize energy usage, reducing operational carbon.

  6. Adopt Circular Economy Practices: Design products for reuse and recycling to minimize waste and embodied carbon.


Embodied carbon reveals the hidden costs of our built environment, while operational carbon highlights ongoing emissions challenges. By taking a lifecycle approach and addressing emissions at every stage, we can pave the way for a sustainable, net-zero future.


And business leaders play a pivotal role in this transition. Prioritizing sustainability in supply chains, investing in renewable energy, and adopting innovative practices allows companies to drive change that benefits both the planet and their bottom line.


As awareness grows, the responsibility to act lies with every sector of society. From adopting renewable energy solutions to rethinking material choices, the path forward demands innovation, collaboration, and a commitment to reducing carbon footprints.

Writer's pictureJennifer Crowley
Jul 2, 2024

The Future of Senior Living: Trends in Air Quality and Resident Care

Senior patient waving at the incoming nurse bringing him lunch in his room
Research has shown that poor indoor air quality can lead to a range of health issues, particularly for seniors who are more vulnerable to respiratory conditions.

The landscape of senior living is continuously evolving, with new trends and innovations shaping the future of resident care. One critical area of focus is indoor air quality (IAQ), which plays a significant role in maintaining resident health and well-being. In this blog, we’ll explore emerging trends in air quality management and how they are transforming senior living facilities.


The Growing Importance of IAQ

Research has shown that poor indoor air quality can lead to a range of health issues, particularly for seniors who are more vulnerable to respiratory conditions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), indoor air pollution is responsible for about 4.3 million deaths annually. As a result, senior living facilities are increasingly prioritizing IAQ to enhance resident health, safety, and comfort.


Emerging Trends in Air Quality Management


1. Smart Air Quality Monitoring Systems

Man's hand holding an air quality monitor in his hand as a maintenance worker puts his tools away in his toolbox in the background
Facilities using smart monitoring systems report a 30% reduction in IAQ-related complaints.

These systems use advanced sensors to continuously monitor IAQ and provide real-time data and alerts. According to Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, facilities using smart monitoring systems report a 30% reduction in IAQ-related complaints.


By offering real-time insights, these systems enable proactive management of air quality, ensuring that immediate action can be taken to address any issues that arise. This proactive approach helps maintain a healthier indoor environment, reduces the risk of health problems associated with poor air quality, and enhances the overall comfort and satisfaction of building occupants.


2. UV-C Light Technology

UV-C technology can reduce airborne bacteria and viruses by up to 99%, as highlighted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This technology utilizes UV-C light to sanitize the air by effectively killing airborne pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. By doing so, it significantly reduces the risk of infections, thereby improving overall indoor air quality (IAQ).


The use of UV-C light is particularly beneficial in common areas and healthcare settings where the concentration of people and the potential for pathogen spread are higher. This advanced method of air purification is essential for maintaining a healthy environment, preventing the spread of infectious diseases, and ensuring the well-being of occupants, making it particularly useful in common areas and healthcare settings.


3. Integrated HVAC Systems with Advanced Filtration

Modern HVAC systems that are equipped with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and air exchange capabilities ensure a constant supply of clean air, which enhances resident comfort and health. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), integrated HVAC systems can improve Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) by 80% compared to standard systems.


These advanced systems are designed to effectively filter out airborne particles, including dust, pollen, and other pollutants, while also ensuring proper ventilation and air circulation. This not only reduces the presence of contaminants but also creates a more comfortable and healthier environment for residents, making them particularly beneficial in settings where air quality is paramount.


4. Green Building Materials

Physical renovation inspiration mood board containing eco-friedly building materials like stone, bamboo, hemp wood and stone
Low-emission material use reduces pollutant introduction and creates a healthier environment.

Facilities using green building materials report a 50% reduction in indoor pollutants, according to the California Air Resources Board. Green building materials are eco-friendly and sustainable construction materials designed to minimize the environmental impact of buildings.


These materials are selected based on attributes such as renewability, recyclability, low emissions, energy efficiency, durability, and resource efficiency. They are made from rapidly renewable resources like bamboo or cork, can be recycled at the end of their lifecycle, and produce minimal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants, improving indoor air quality.


Additionally, green building materials contribute to energy savings through their production process or use in construction and have a long lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements and repairs. Examples include reclaimed wood, recycled metal, low-VOC paints, and energy-efficient insulation, all of which help create more sustainable, energy-efficient, and healthier buildings for occupants.


Using low-emission materials for construction and renovation reduces the introduction of pollutants and creates a healthier indoor environment from the ground up, promoting long-term resident health.


Best Practices for Implementing IAQ Innovations

Young male maintenance employee making his rounds inspecting building ventilation
Regular maintenance of HVAC systems and air purifiers is essential for optimal performance.

  • Regular Training: Ensure staff are trained on the latest IAQ technologies and best practices.

  • Continuous Monitoring: Use smart monitoring systems to keep track of IAQ and identify potential issues early.

  • Maintenance: Regular maintenance of HVAC systems and air purifiers is essential for optimal performance.

  • Feedback Loop: Engage residents and staff in providing feedback on IAQ improvements and make adjustments as needed.


The future of senior living is being shaped by innovative trends in air quality management. By staying ahead of these trends and adopting cutting-edge technologies, senior living facilities can create healthier, safer, and more comfortable environments for their residents.


Investing in IAQ is not only a regulatory necessity but also a commitment to enhancing the quality of life for seniors. Visit us at bladeair.com for more insights and/or to investigate our innovative IAQ solutions.

Explore expert insights, stay up to date with industry events, and gain a deeper understanding of the cutting-edge developments that are revolutionizing the indoor air quality landscape within Blade Air's comprehensive Insights Hub.

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