The Hidden Cost of Poor Airflow in High-Performance Commercial Buildings

Poor airflow in commercial buildings leads to higher energy bills, reduced indoor air quality, and HVAC wear. Learn how to identify and solv

Ava Montini

Mar 24, 2025

Written by

Published on

Why airflow inefficiencies drive up costs, compromise indoor air quality, and create hidden challenges for facility managers

Most commercial and institutional buildings today are designed with performance and efficiency in mind. Energy benchmarks, ESG goals, and occupant well-being are often front and center. But despite those efforts, one critical element of building performance is consistently underdiagnosed: airflow.

Poor airflow can silently affect every corner of your building’s operations — from higher energy consumption and HVAC maintenance costs to reduced indoor air quality (IAQ) and missed sustainability opportunities. It rarely shows up as a red flag on day one, but over time, it chips away at performance in ways that are both measurable and avoidable.

Inefficient Airflow Increases Energy Use — Even in “Efficient” Buildings

In many commercial buildings, HVAC systems account for roughly 30–40% of total energy consumption, according to Natural Resources Canada and ASHRAE. But when airflow is restricted, that percentage can climb significantly.

The most common culprits are high-resistance filters, dirty or aging ductwork, unbalanced systems, or outdated fans. These conditions increase static pressure, which forces HVAC fans to work harder and longer to achieve required airflow levels.

According to a study by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), buildings with airflow-related HVAC issues can see energy use increase by up to 30% compared to optimized systems. [1]

Even minor issues can have an outsized impact. A 100,000 sq. ft. office building experiencing elevated fan energy use due to clogged filters or inefficient duct design could face annual utility costs tens of thousands of dollars higher than necessary. For building owners managing multiple sites, that inefficiency compounds quickly.

Airflow and Indoor Air Quality Are Closely Linked

Buildings are dynamic systems, and air quality tends to suffer when airflow is compromised. Insufficient airflow can lead to poor ventilation, uneven air distribution, and pockets of stagnation in rooms or zones. These areas often experience elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter — especially in high-occupancy spaces.

A 2015 study from Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that employees working in well-ventilated buildings performed 61% better on cognitive tasks than those in typical buildings with poor ventilation and air quality. [2]

In schools, researchers have found that students in classrooms with improved ventilation perform better on standardized tests. [3] In healthcare facilities, inadequate air movement can increase the risk of airborne illness transmission.

Common complaints like “stuffy rooms,” temperature inconsistencies, or fatigue can often be traced back to airflow and ventilation issues — even when temperature setpoints and filtration standards are technically being met.

Poor Airflow Wears Down HVAC Systems Faster

Inefficient airflow costs more on your energy bill and accelerates mechanical wear and tear. When fan motors, compressors, and dampers are forced to operate under continuous load, components degrade faster than expected.

This leads to:

More frequent repairs and service calls
Shortened equipment lifespan
Greater downtime and occupant discomfort during peak seasons

A study from the National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) notes that air distribution restrictions are a key factor in premature HVAC failure and reduced system capacity. [4]

The cost of replacing a rooftop unit, for example, can range from $10,000 to $25,000, depending on building size and complexity — not including indirect costs from temporary system downtime.

Sustainability Targets Can Be Quietly Undermined

Many facilities today are pursuing ESG goals, LEED certification, or local emissions reduction mandates. But airflow inefficiencies can quietly work against those targets by increasing Scope 2 emissions (energy-related emissions) and filter waste.

High-resistance air filters, mainly traditional pleated filters, can contribute to this in two ways:

Increased energy use due to pressure drop
Frequent changeouts, leading to more waste and landfill contribution

According to a 2021 study in Building and Environment, filter pressure drop is one of the most overlooked contributors to unnecessary HVAC energy use — especially when filters are overused or under-maintained. [5]

If a building claims progress in sustainability, it’s important to ensure that filtration and airflow practices align with those claims—both from an energy and waste standpoint.

Missed Opportunities for Incentives and Cost Recovery

One of the lesser-known downsides of inefficient airflow is the lost opportunity to qualify for energy retrofit incentives.

Many utility and government programs across North America offer rebates, grants, or low-interest financing for businesses upgrading HVAC systems, controls, and low-pressure filtration. But to be eligible, buildings often need to demonstrate quantifiable improvements in system performance.

For example, Ontario’s Save on Energy Retrofit Program offers up to 50% of project costs for energy-efficiency upgrades, including those related to ventilation, air handling units, and demand control ventilation systems. [6]

Without data on airflow improvement or energy reduction — or without addressing underlying airflow inefficiencies — buildings may fail to qualify, leaving funding on the table.

Practical Steps to Address Airflow Challenges

The good news is that improving airflow doesn’t require a major capital project. Many impactful changes can be made within existing operations and maintenance cycles.

Here’s where most facilities can start:

Conduct a static pressure and airflow assessment to identify bottlenecks
Replace high-pressure filters with low-pressure, high-efficiency alternatives
Balance and tune your HVAC system, especially if zones have changed due to new usage patterns
Install real-time IAQ monitors to detect issues as they emerge, not after complaints arise
Track filter changeouts and energy use to capture data for future incentive applications

These strategies are already being implemented in facilities across North America — and in most cases, they deliver measurable improvements in energy efficiency, equipment reliability, and occupant satisfaction.

Airflow may not be the most visible part of your building, but it’s one of the most influential. When ignored, it quietly drives up energy costs, reduces system lifespan, and compromises air quality.

For facility managers and business owners focused on performance, sustainability, and operational clarity, airflow should be on the radar — not just as a maintenance metric but as a lever for long-term efficiency and resilience.

Addressing airflow challenges is a straightforward, high-ROI step that supports healthier, more cost-effective, and future-ready buildings.

Air Filter Media: Choosing the Best for Improved Indoor Air Quality

Jennifer Crowley
Jul 31, 2023
5 min read

Updated: Jul 9, 2024

Close up photo of various filter media types — When choosing air filter media, it’s important to consider factors such as compatibility with your HVAC system, specific air quality concerns, and maintenance requirements.

One way to improve indoor air quality is by using air filters, which trap airborne particles and pollutants. However, not all air filters are created equal. Air filter media, the material used in air filters to capture particles, can vary widely in terms of effectiveness, lifespan, and cost.

This blog will explore the different types of air filter media available, including pleated and non-pleated filters, fibreglass, paper, and carbon filters. We’ll also discuss the efficiency ratings used to measure air filter effectiveness and the benefits of using high-quality air filter media. When choosing air filter media, it’s important to consider factors such as compatibility with your HVAC system, specific air quality concerns, and maintenance requirements.

By understanding the different types of air filter media available and the factors to consider when choosing them, you can make an informed decision and choose the air filter media that best meets your indoor air quality needs.

Types of Air Filter Media

Air filter media is a material used in air filters to trap and remove harmful particles and allergens from the air. The effectiveness of an air filter depends mainly on the type and quality of the filter media used and the type of material being filtered. Some common types of air filter media are:

Pleated Air Filters

Pleated air filters are made from polyester or cotton and have a longer lifespan than non-pleated filters due to their increased surface area. They can effectively trap particles such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander, making them suitable for residential and commercial settings with high traffic or high air quality needs. Higher MERV-rated filters can capture smaller particles, such as bacteria and smoke. However, they are typically more expensive than non-pleated filters.

Non-Pleated Air Filters

Non-pleated air filters are generally made from materials such as fibreglass or polyester and have a shorter lifespan than pleated air filters. However, they are effective at trapping large particles such as dust and debris, making them ideal for residential settings and protecting HVAC equipment from large particles. They are generally less expensive than pleated air filters but offer lower effectiveness and longevity.

Fibreglass Air Filters

Fibreglass air filters are made from spun glass fibres and are the most economical choice. They typically last for about 30 days before requiring replacement and are less effective at trapping small particles. They are most suitable for residential settings with moderate air quality needs.

Paper Air Filters

Paper air filters are made from pleated paper material and are effective at trapping larger particles, such as dust and pollen, but less effective at capturing smaller particles, such as bacteria and smoke. They typically last for about three months before requiring replacement and are suitable for residential settings with moderate air quality needs. They are generally less expensive than pleated air filters due to their lower MERV rating.

Carbon Air Filters

Carbon air filters are made with activated carbon and are most effective at removing odours and certain chemicals from the air. They typically last for about three months before requiring replacement and are suitable for commercial settings, such as hospitals and laboratories, where odour and chemical removal is a priority. However, they are generally more expensive than other air filter media due to their specialized use and effectiveness.

Efficiency Ratings for Air Filter Media

When choosing an air filter media, it’s important to consider its efficiency rating. The most common efficiency rating systems used are:

MERV (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value)
CADR (Clean Air Delivery Rate)

MERV Rating

The efficiency rating refers to the ability of an air filter to trap and remove airborne particles of different sizes. The most common rating system used for air filters is the Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV), which rates filters on a scale of 1-20 based on their ability to remove particles from the air. The higher the MERV rating, the more effective the filter removes smaller particles.

It’s important to note that while higher MERV-rated filters are more effective at removing smaller particles, they may also restrict airflow more than lower-rated filters. This can cause issues with HVAC system performance and increased energy usage. For this reason, it’s important to consult with an HVAC professional to determine the most appropriate MERV rating for your indoor air quality needs and to ensure that your system can handle the increased airflow resistance that comes with higher MERV-rated filters.

CADR

The CADR (Clean Air Delivery Rate) is a rating system that measures the amount of clean air delivered by an air purifier or air filter. It is a standardized rating system recognized by the American Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) and is used to compare the performance of air purifiers and air filters from different manufacturers. The higher the CADR rating, the more effective the filter will remove particles from the air.

The CADR rating is calculated based on three categories of particulate matter: smoke, pollen, and dust. Each category is assigned a numerical value, and the overall CADR rating is the sum of the three values.

Factors to Consider When Choosing the Best Air Filter Media

HVAC Compatibility

The first factor to consider when choosing air filter media is compatibility with your HVAC system. Different types of air filters may be designed for specific types of HVAC systems, so it’s important to choose a filter that is compatible with your system. Some filters may also require modifications to your HVAC system, so it’s essential to consult with a professional before making any changes.

Air Quality Concerns

Another factor to consider when choosing air filter media is any specific air quality concerns you may have. For example, if you live in an area with high levels of outdoor pollution, choose an air filter designed to capture smaller particles, such as those found in smoke and exhaust fumes. On the other hand, if you have pets or allergies, you may want to choose an air filter designed to capture pet dander and other allergens.

Maintenance Requirements

Finally, it’s important to consider the maintenance requirements of different types of air filter media. Some filters may need to be replaced more frequently than others, and some may require more intensive cleaning or maintenance. It’s important to choose a filter that you can realistically maintain, as neglecting filter maintenance can lead to reduced effectiveness and increased wear and tear on your HVAC system.

Benefits of High-Quality Air Filter Media

Using high-quality air filter media offers numerous benefits for indoor air quality and overall health. One of the primary benefits is that these filters are more effective at removing airborne particles, such as dust, allergens, and pollutants, from the air. This can significantly reduce indoor air pollution, which is especially important for individuals with allergies or respiratory conditions.

Improved indoor air quality can also have a positive impact on productivity. Studies have shown that indoor air quality can have a significant effect on cognitive function, with poor air quality leading to decreased productivity, reduced concentration, and increased absenteeism. By removing airborne particles and pollutants from the air, high-quality air filter media can help to create a healthier indoor environment that promotes better cognitive function and increased productivity. This is especially important in workspaces, where employees may spend a significant portion of their day indoors.

In addition to health benefits, high-quality air filter media can also be more cost-effective in the long run. While they may initially cost more, their increased efficiency and longer lifespan can result in lower maintenance costs and energy bills over time. Additionally, by improving indoor air quality and reducing the need for frequent cleaning and maintenance, these filters can save homeowners both time and money.

Choosing the right air filter media is crucial for improving indoor air quality. We hope this comprehensive guide has helped you understand the different types of air filter media available, their efficiency ratings, and what to consider when choosing one for your home. Remember, always choose high-quality air filter media for the best results.

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